- Studies that have methodological shortcomings may still lead to the right conclusion. Sometimes, the bias is small, or the shortcoming is not relevant for the issue being studied.

- It is also possible that a perfectly designed and executed study does not yield the ‘right’ answer. For example, chance circumstances might lead to the incomparability of groups.

- Bayes' theorem clarifies why different experts may come to opposite conclusions based on the same studies.

- The ultimate truth remains elusive.